Matching Signs to Differential: PACES Cheatsheet (Neurology)

Matching Signs to Differentials: MRCP PACES Cheatsheet (Neurology)

I did cheat sheets for all the possible constellation of signs I could think that may come up during a PACES exam. I mentioned in my PACES Exam Guide Series (Part 1) that best advise I received at the time I was revising was that “You don’t have time to think during the exam, So have your differentials ready at the tip of your tongue.” So I invested a fair bit of time doing pattern recognition – if “these” signs turn up the differentials are likely to be “this list”. And have this ready. So when you get a unilateral pure motor neurone patterns of weakness in the real deal, you have in impressive list ready to blurt out to the examiner. You sound more organised, systematic, confident if you have this but of knowledge under your belt so you focus your energy in PACES on how you come across rather than remembering what diagnoses can be at play here. And it worked – I attribute so much of my PACES Success where I scored 168/172 on the first attempt to this. So, thank you Registrar! 

I have written out the cheatsheet I made for Neurology that got me through the exam! 

Involuntary movements

Choreiform movements

  • Huntington’s Disease
  • Drug-induced (anti-convulsant)
  • Wilson’s Disease
  • St Vitus’s dance/ rheumatic fever
  • Hereditary: AD spinocerebellar ataxias
  • Others: Polycythaemia Rubra vera/ Cerebral Infarctions/ Vasculitides/ Prion disease

Tremor

  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Benign Essential Tremor
  • Cerebellar/Intention Tremor
  • Drug Induced tremor (inhaled Beta agonists, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, sodium valproate)

Dystonia

  • Drugs (Neuroleptics, tricyclics and metoclopramide)
  • Primary Genetic Syndrome
  • Brain lesion (trauma, tumours, stroke)
  • Association with neurological deficit (Parkinson’s, Wilson’s, cerebral palsy (CP))

Hemiballismus

  • usually related to vascular lesion of subthalamic nucleus

Athetosis

Basal ganglia disorders

  • Wilson’s/Huntington
  • Drug toxicity (those which increase dopamine)
  • Stroke
  • Birth (difficult birth, CP, neonatal jaundice)

Pseudoathetosis: occurs only with eyes closed due to sensory neuropathy

Peripheral Neuropathies 

Pure Motor Neuropathy 

Bilateral

  • Critical illness neuropathy or myoneuropathy – look for the tracheostomy scar in the neck! 
  • Lead/heavy metal toxicity
  • Motor component of Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy (HSMN) 
  • Motor component of MND (progressive spinal atrophy/Kennedy’s Disease)
  • HIV/Syphilis – causes all sort of thing so safe to throw it in! 

Unilateral

  • Polio
  • West Nile Virus
  • MND (monomelic amyotrophy variant)
  • Diabetic amyotrophy/Lumbarsacral plexopathy
  • HIV/Syphili

Sensory Peripheral Stuff! 

Sensorimotor Peripheral Neuropathy

  • Alcohol
  • B12 deficiency
  • Chronic failures – kidney, hepatic, thyroid
  • Diabetes and drugs (anti-tuberculous: isoniazid, chemo: vincristine/ cisplatin, Abx: nitrofurantoin, anticonvulsants: phenytoin
  • Every vasculitis
  • Infections: HIV/leprosy and HSMN

Pure Sensory Peripheral neuropathy

  • Paraneoplastic
  • Sjogren’s
  • Freidrich’s ataxia
  • Drug: chemotherapy

If the neuro sign patterns are not making sense … 

Mononeuritis Multiplex

  • Primary: Wegeners, Chug Strauss, PAN, microscopic polyangitisi
  • Secondary: RhA, SLE, Hep B/C, cryoglobulinamias, Sjogrens. Sarcoid, diabetes

Asymmetrical neurological findings/lesions in diabetes

  • Consider co-existent peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
  • Diabetic amyotrophy (lumbosacral plexopathy)
  • Mononeuritis Multiplex

Myopathies 

Proximal Myopathy

  • Endocrine disorders: Cushing’s, Hypothyroidism, Acromegaly
  • Polymyositis
  • Statin induced myopathy
  • Becker/sDuchennes
  • Limb Girdle Musculodystrophy

Distal Myopathy

  • Myotonic dystrophy
  • Inclusion body myositis (disease of finger flexors – tear shaped pincer grip)
  • Overlap with disorders of the peripheral nervous system

Face

  • Mytonoic dystrophy
  • Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy
  • Oculopharyngeal dystrophy
  • Myopathy due to grave’s disease
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Eye Disorders 

Ptosis

  • IIIrd nerve palsy
  • Horner’s Syndrome
  • Myasthenia Gravis
  • Myotonic Dystophy
  • Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD)
  • Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
  • Senile/congenital ptosis

Ophthalmoplegia

  • Muscle/neuromuscular junction (MG, myopathies)
  • Nerves (IIIrd, IV, VI, mononeuritis multiplex, Cavernous sinus lesion, miller fisher syndrome)
  • Brainstem lesion: INO

Nystagmus

  • Cerebellar lesion: upbeat or gaze-evoked, in the direction of gaze
  • Brainstem lesion: Downbeat (cranio cervical junction/Arnold chiari malformation, syringobulbia)
  • Vestibular lesions: beat away from side of lesion
  • Optic Chiasmal lesion
  • Congenital Nystagmus
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Neurology Diseases/Syndromes 

Cerebellar Dysfuncrion: Causes

I adapted the acronyms “PASTRIES” mentioned in the book Cases for PACES

  • Paraneoplastic: associated with small cell lung cancer, gynae, testicular 
  • Alcoholic degeneration and deficiencies (B12, copper, Vit E)
  • SclerosisMS
  • Tumours: Posterior Cranial fossa SOL lesions 
  • Rare/Genetic: Friedrich’s ataxia, spinocerebellar ataxia
  • Iatrogenic: phenytoin, carbamazepine
  • Endocrine: hypothyroidism 
  • Stroke: brainstem vascular event 

MS mimics

  • Vasculitides/Autoimmune: SLE, Sjogren’s, Sarcoid, NMO
  • Vascular: recurrent TIA/stoke, anti-phospholipid syndrome, CADASIL
  • Metabolic: B12 deficiency
  • Infection: PML, Lyme, HiV encephalitis, Syphilis
  • Mitochondrial: MELAS

Stroke

Differentials for stroke

  • SOL (cerebral tumour, abscess, parasitic: neurocysterosis)
  • Metabolic: Hypoglycaemia
  • Migraine
  • Todd’s Paresis
  • Viral encephalitis
  • Neuroinflammatory: MS,. Neurosarcoidosis, Behcets
  • Functional Hemiparesis

Causes of Ischaemic Stroke

  • Cardiac: AF, Valvular heart disease, IE, Cardiac Surgery, MI, PFO
  • Pathology of arterial tree: Atherosclerosis, dissection, vasculitides incl GCA
  • Haematological causes: Sickle Cell, Polycythaemia/Thrombocythaemia, TTP, thrombophilia, antiphospholipid syndrome, DIC, malignancy
  • Non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies: Drug (heroin and cocaine), MELAS, CADASIL, fibromuscular dysplasia, Infection: syhilys.malaria

Complications of stroke

  • Acute: raised ICP + herniation, haemorrhagic transformations, aspiration and pneumonia
  • Complications due to immobility: DVTs, pressure sores, disuse atrophy, constipation
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Speech Disturbance 

Dysarthria 

Pseudobulbar (UMN) Palsy 

  • Bilateral Internal capsule infarcts/small vessel disease
  • Demyelination
  • MND
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Neurosyphilis

Bulbar (LMN) Palsy

  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Guillan barre
  • MND
  • Brainstem tumour or Brainstem infarction damaging bulbar nuclei/fascicles
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Syringobulbia

Dysphasia

  • Lesion to Broca’s (expressice), Wernicke’s (receptive) or arcuate fasciculus (conducrion aphasia)
  • MCA stroke
  • SOL (abscess, tumour)
  • Neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s, frontotemporal)
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1 thought on “Matching Signs to Differential: PACES Cheatsheet (Neurology)”

  1. This cheat sheet is very comprehensive to cover all the bullet point to pass MRCP PACES with flying colour.
    This is the quick revision sheet to help for those preparing for the exam!

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